Função de transferência de modulação aplicada ao estudo do desempenho dos sistemas aerofotográficos

Orientador: Placidino Machado FagundesDissertaçao (mestrado) -Universidade Federal do Paraná. Curso de Pós-Graduaçao em Ciencias GeodésicasResumo: Considerando que no Brasil nada se escreveu sobre Função de Transferência de Modulação e que a bibliografia estrangeira apresenta poucos trabalhos que conceituem e definam de maneira clara o assunto, procuramos fazer um trabalho o mais objetivo possível. Primeiramente, definiremos "Transformadas de Fouhier" dando as propriedades mentais. Em seguida, conceituaremos Função de 1hahsferência de Modulação. Desenvolveremos, posteriormente, um estudo sobre os tn.es principais ele mentos que interessam ã fotogrametria: Função de Transferência de Modulação Fotográfica, Função de Transferência Óptica e Função de Transferência de Modulação do Movimento da Imagem. Ao depois, dedica/temos um capitulo ao estudo da precisão e da exatidão dos métodos de determinação das Funções de Transferência de Modulação, questões ainda bastante discutidas, sobretudo no que diz respeito ã exatidão dos vários processos de determinação. Finalmente, analisaremos o problema da padronização das frequências e dos dados, relativos ã Função de Transferência de Modulação. Neste sentido, dedicaremos uma atenção particular ao que diz respeito ã simplificação dos dados fornecidos ao usuário, defendendo no final um padrão de especificações do filme e da lente.Resumée: En considérant qu'au. Brésil rien n'a été écrit sur la Fonction de Transfert de Modulation et que la bibliographie étrangère présente très peu des travaux qui conceptent et définissent d'une manière, très claire le sujet, nous avons cherché à faire un travail le plus objectif possible. Mous définirons, d'abord les "Transformées de Fourler" en donnant les propriétés fondamentales, puis le concept de Fonction de Transfert de Modulation et nous développerons ime étude sur les trois principaux éléments que Intéressent la photogrammétrle: la Fonction de Transfert de Modulation Photographique, la Fonction de Transfert Optique et la Fonction de Transfert de Modulation du mouvement de l'Image. Ceci fait, nous consacrerons un chapitre a l'étude de la précision et de l'exactitude des diverses méthodes de détermination des Fonctions de Transfert de Modulation questions encore bien pendentes, en particulier pour l'exactitude des différentes manières de détermination. Enfin, nous analyserons le problème du modèle type pour des fréquences et des données a être présenter ã Vutilisateurs. Vans ce sens, nous Insisterons sur l'aspect de simplification des données fournies a celui-ci et nous défendrons un modèle type sur les spécifications des films et des objectifs

PROBLEMA DE VALOR DE CONTORNO DA GEODÉSIA: UMA ABORDAGEM CONCEITUAL

massas, além da superfície limitante, bem como a variação temporal do mesmo.Stokes propôs no século XVIII uma formulação para a solução desse problema,porém implicava em algumas dificuldades. A formulação proposta por Molodenskyem meados do século XX abriu uma nova perspectiva para a solução do problema.Ao longo dos anos, na Geodésia, a relevância do Problema de Valor de Contorno daGeodésia (PVCG) tem sido reconhecida como base teórica para essa disciplina.Além disso, o PVCG ganhou novo impulso com a era espacial e com o passar dosanos algumas alternativas foram elaboradas (super determinado, misto, solução deBrovar). Este trabalho tem como objetivo retratar as formulações de Stokes eMolodensky, bem como as principais alternativas do PVCG

THE COMPUTATION OF THE GEOID MODEL IN THE STATE OF SÃO PAULO USING TWO METHODOLOGIES AND GOCE MODELS

The purpose of this manuscript is to compute and to evaluate the geoid model in the State of São Paulo from two methodologies (Stokes’ integral through the Fast Fourier Transform - FFT and Least Squares Collocation – LSC). Another objective of this study is to verify the potentiality of GOCE-based. A special attention is given to GOCE mission. The theory related to Stokes’ integral and Least Squares Collocation is also discussed in this work. The spectral decomposition was employed in the geoid models computation and the long wavelength component was represented by EGM2008 up to degree and order 150 and 360 and GOCE-based models up to 150. The models were compared in terms of geoid height residual and absolute and relative comparisons from GPS/leveling and the results show consistency between them. In addition, a comparison in the mountain regions was carried out to verify the methodologies behavior in this area; the results showed that LSC is less consistent than FFT

A EVOLUÇÃO DOS REFERENCIAIS USADOS EM GEODÉSIA: A ERA MODERNA

A Era Espacial permitiu desenvolver metodologias de observação que levaram ao estudo de fenômenos até então impossíveis de serem considerados. Pode-se citar o movimento dos satélites artificiais, o deslocamento das placas tectônicas, as marés terrestres e oceânicas, os movimentos do eixo de rotação da Terra, as variações da velocidade de rotação, etc. A qualificação e a quantificação destes fenômenos exigem o estabelecimento de referenciais adequados. Após alguns anos de estudo e análise concluiu-se que dois referenciais seriam suficientes para quantificar todos os fenômenos relacionados com os interesses geodésicos e geodinâmicos: um referencial terrestre e um referencial celeste. A conceituação, a definição e a realização dos referenciais constituem as etapas naturais para o seu estabelecimento e a sua manutenção. Através de observações espaciais, seja a corpos celestes seja aos satélites artificiais, os referenciais são materializados. O presente trabalho apresenta um histórico geral da evolução dos referenciais, de seu estabelecimento e de sua manutenção, função atribuída atualmente ao IERS. The evolution of referentials used in Geodesy: The Space Era Abstract The Space Era called the attention to observational methodologies that allowed the study of phenomena which was impossible to be considered a few years ago. The movements of artificial satellites, the plate tectonics, the earth and ocean tides, the movements of the Earth rotation axis, the change on the rotation velocity are examples far to be exaustive. The qualification and quantity of these phenomena are only possible if convenient reference systems are established. After many years of analyses and research, the conclusion addressed two reference coordinate systems: a terrestrial reference system and a celestial reference system. They are sufficient to deal with all geodetic and geodynamics phenomena related to the Earth. The concept, the definition and the materialization are the natural steps for the establishment and the maintenance of the reference systems. The materialization is carried out through the observation of satellites as well as space objects. This paper is intended to present a historical evolution of the reference systems and they present maintenance on the responsability of IERS

USE OF CONTROL CHARTS FOR MULTI-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF GEODETIC AUSCULTATION DATA FROM DAMS

Geodesic auscultation can be used to monitor the movement of dam structures bymeasuring the distance, at different epochs from fixed positions (pillars) to otherpositions (targets). It is important to identify the targets that present atypicalmeasurements to permit managers to take corrective actions. After fitting a modelusing the Least Squares Method (LSM), the residuals normally display randombehavior. Multivariate control charts are then applied to the residuals of the fittedmodel from data taken of geodesic survey campaigns conducted at different epochs.Control charts have been widely applied in other fields of research than productionprocesses such as public health, marketing, services. The results show that it ispossible for monitoring the multi-temporal stability by the multivariate controlcharts. The method provides complementary information than the classicalunivariate statistical analysis

VALIDATION OF THE LAND WATER STORAGE FROM GRAVITY RECOVERY AND CLIMATE EXPERIMENT (GRACE) WITH GAUGE DATA IN THE AMAZON BASIN

The Amazon basin is a region of constant scientific interest due to its environmental importance and its biodiversity and climate on a global scale. The seasonal variations in water volume are one of the examples of topics studied nowadays. In general, the variations in river levels depend primarily on the climate and physics characteristics of the corresponding basins. The main factor which influences the water level in the Amazon Basin is the intensive rainfall over this region as aconsequence of the humidity of the tropical climate. Unfortunately, the Amazon basin is an area with lack of water level information due to difficulties in access for local operations. The purpose of this study is to compare and evaluate the Equivalent Water Height (Ewh) from GRACE (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment) mission, to study the connection between water loading and vertical variations of the crust due to the hydrologic. In order to achieve this goal, the Ewh is compared with in-situ information from limnimeter. For the analysis it was computed the correlation coefficients, phase and amplitude of GRACE Ewh solutions and in-situ data, as well as the timing of periods of drought in different parts of the basin. The results indicated that vertical variations of the lithosphere due to water mass loading could reach 7 to 5 cm per year, in the sedimentary and flooded areas of the region, where water level variations can reach 10 to 8 m

The computation of the geoid model in the state of São Paulo using two methodologies and GOCE models

The purpose of this manuscript is to compute and to evaluate the geoid model in the State of São Paulo from two methodologies (Stokes' integral through the Fast Fourier Transform - FFT and Least Squares Collocation - LSC). Another objective of this study is to verify the potentiality of GOCE-based. A special attention is given to GOCE mission. The theory related to Stokes' integral and Least Squares Collocation is also discussed in this work. The spectral decomposition was employed in the geoid models computation and the long wavelength component was represented by EGM2008 up to degree and order 150 and 360 and GOCE-based models up to 150. The models were compared in terms of geoid height residual and absolute and relative comparisons from GPS/leveling and the results show consistency between them. In addition, a comparison in the mountain regions was carried out to verify the methodologies behavior in this area; the results showed that LSC is less consistent than FFT

Study of water storage variations at the Pantanal wetlands area from GRACE monthly mass grids

The continental water storage is significantly influenced by wetlands, which are highly affected by climate change and anthropogenic influences. The Pantanal, located in the Paraguay river basin, is one of the world´s largest and most important wetlands because of the environmental biodiversity that represents. The satellite gravity mission GRACE (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment) provided until 2017 time-variable Earth?s gravity field models that reflected the variations due to mass transport processes -like continental water storage changes- which allowed to study environments such as wetlands, at large spatial scales. The water storage variations for the period 2002-2016, by using monthly land water mass grids of Total Water Storage (TWS) derived from GRACE solutions, were evaluated in the Pantanal area. The capability of the GRACE mission for monitoring this particular environment is analyzed, and the comparison of the water mass changes with rainfall and hydrometric heights data at different stations distributed over the Pantanal region was carried out. Additionally, the correlation between the TWS and river gauge measurements, and the phase differences for these variables, were also evaluated. Results show two distinct zones: high correlations and low phase shifts at the north, and smaller correlation values and consequently significant phase differences towards the south. This situation is mainly related to the hydrogeological domains of the area.Fil: Pereira, Ayelen. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Ingeniería y Agrimensura. Escuela de Agrimensura. Departamento de Geotopocartografía; ArgentinaFil: Cornero, Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Ingeniería y Agrimensura. Escuela de Agrimensura. Departamento de Geotopocartografía; ArgentinaFil: Oliveira Cancoro de Matos, Ana Cristina. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Pacino, Maria Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Ingeniería y Agrimensura. Escuela de Agrimensura. Departamento de Geotopocartografía; ArgentinaFil: Blitzkow, Denizar. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasi

Digital terrain model evaluation and computation of the terrain correction and indirect effect in South America

The main objectives of this paper are to compare digital terrain models, to show the generated models for South America and to present two applications. Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) produced the most important and updated height information in the world. This paper addresses the attention to comparisons of the following models: SRTM3, DTM2002, GLOBE, GTOPO30, ETOPO2 and ETOPO5, at the common points of the grid. The comparisons are limited by latitudes 60° S and 25 ° N and longitudes 1000 W and 250 W. All these data, after some analysis, have been used to create three models for South America: SAMlmvl, SAM_lmv2 (both of 1 ’ grid spacing) and SAM_30s (30" grid spacing). Besides this effort, the three models as well as STRM were evaluated using Bench Marks (BM) in Brazil and Argentina. This paper also shows two important geodesy and geophysics applications using the SAM_lmvl: terrain correction (one of the reductions applied to the gravity acceleration) and indirect effect (a consequence of the reduction of the external mass to the geoid). These are important at Andes for a precise geoid computation.Los objetivos principales de este documento son comparar modelos digitales del continente; enseñar los modelos generados para Sudamérica y presentar dos aplicaciones. Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) produjo la información más importante y más actualizada de las altitudes del mundo. Este trabajo centra su atención en las comparaciones de los modelos siguientes: SRTM3, DTM2002, GLOBO, GTOPO30, ETOPO2 y ETOPO5, en los puntos comunes de la rejilla. Las comparaciones son limitadas por las latitudes 60° S y 250 N y longitudes 100° W y 250 W. Todos estos datos, después de los análisis, se han utilizado para crear tres modelos para Sudamérica: SAM lmvl, SAM_lmv2 (T de espaciamiento de la rejilla) y SAM_30s (30” de espaciamiento de la rejilla). Los tres modelos bien como el STRM fueron evaluados usando puntos de referencia de nivel (BM) en Brasil y Argentina. Este trabajo también muestra dos aplicaciones importantes del SAM lmvl: corrección del terreno (una de las reducciones aplicadas a la aceleración de la gravedad) y efecto indirecto (una consecuencia del proceso de reducción de la masa exterior al geoide). Estos son muy importantes en la región de los Andes para computar el geoide con exactitud.Asociación Argentina de Geofísicos y Geodesta

VALIDATION OF THE LAND WATER STORAGE FROM GRAVITY RECOVERY AND CLIMATE EXPERIMENT (GRACE) WITH GAUGE DATA IN THE AMAZON BASIN

The Amazon basin is a region of constant scientific interest due to its environmental importance and its biodiversity and climate on a global scale. The seasonal variations in water volume are one of the examples of topics studied nowadays. In general, the variations in river levels depend primarily on the climate and physics characteristics of the corresponding basins. The main factor which influences the water level in the Amazon Basin is the intensive rainfall over this region as a consequence of the humidity of the tropical climate. Unfortunately, the Amazon basin is an area with lack of water level information due to difficulties in access for local operations. The purpose of this study is to compare and evaluate the Equivalent Water Height (Ewh) from GRACE (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment) mission, to study the connection between water loading and vertical variations of the crust due to the hydrologic. In order to achieve this goal, the Ewh is compared with in-situ information from limnimeter. For the analysis it was computed the correlation coefficients, phase and amplitude of GRACE Ewh solutions and in-situ data, as well as the timing of periods of drought in different parts of the basin. The results indicated that vertical variations of the lithosphere due to water mass loading could reach 7 to 5 cm per year, in the sedimentary and flooded areas of the region, where water level variations can reach 10 to 8 m.Brazilian National Research Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)Brazilian National Research Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq